The Calusa Calusa Indians The first settlers to inhabit the Islands were what the historians refer to as the “Mound People” or the “Pile Dwellers.” Dating back to around 1200 A.D., these people later became known as the Calusa Indians. Marquardt notes that the Calusa turned down the offer of agricultural tools from the Spanish, saying that they had no need for them. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to take his sister as one of his wives. After years of belief to the contrary, the once mighty Calusa Indians, who lived centuries ago in Southwest Florida, may not be extinct after all. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. [20][21], In 1566 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, founder of St. Augustine, made contact with the Calusa. The surviving members of the Calusa tribe either fled to Cuba or joined the Seminole Tribe. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. Well-preserved nets, net floats, and hooks were found at Key Marco, in the territory of the neighboring Muspa tribe. Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. maps & gps coordinates Inspired by the indigenous Calusa, the Great Calusa Blueway encompasses three distinct regions of the Gulf of Mexico coast. Feb 21, 2016 - Explore Etienne. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. As the gentleman in the video mentioned this mound building was the "preamble" of beach houses now that are built up on stilts to protect the houses from flooding. [5] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". (1964). There is evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated papaya (Catrica papaya), a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo, and the bottle gourd, the last two of which were used for net floats and dippers. Caluso Fighter - A warrior of the Caluso tribe that will attack in the exact same way as Caluso Combat Warrior. In 1521 Ponce de León returned to southwest Florida to plant a colony, but the Calusa drove the Spanish out, mortally wounding Ponce de León. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. Missions to the Calusa, edited and translated by John H. Hann. Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Calusas for school or home-schooling reports. The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. [7][8], Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. The English supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. It is documented that their power and influence extended over several other tribes in the area. Sadly, the Calusa Tribe was devastated by European diseases that were brought to their area. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. [6], Some authors have argued that the Calusa cultivated maize and Zamia integrifolia (coontie) for food. They left 1,700 behind. Little is known about Calusa religion. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. Schell, Rolfe F. 1,000 years on Mound Key; the story of the Caloosa Indians on West Coast Florida, centering around Ft. Myers Beach and its surrounding bay waters. This map shows all three regions, but covers only Estero Bay in detail.Download PDF, This map shows all three regions, but covers only Pine Island and Matlacha Pass in detail.Download PDF, This Map shows all three regions, but details only the Caloosahatchee River and its tributaries.Download PDF. [19], The Pánfilo de Narváez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. A Calusa /s/ [s̠] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a /ʃ/ sound. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. ed. Senquene succeeded his brother (name unknown), and was in turn succeeded by his son Carlos. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. 2201 Second Street Suite 600 Fort Myers, Florida 33901 See more ideas about north american indians, native american, history. The Calusa were well established, with a population of several thousand. The first portion of the trail meanders through Estero Bay, while the second segment centers on Pine Island and Matlacha Pass. If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[13]. Slide Kick: He'll slide across the ground closing the gap between him and his target. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1566. Calusa Written accounts by Spanish missionaries, shipwreck survivors, and chroniclers help us to imagine the Calusa people who built and lived upon the massive artificial shell constructions of southwestern Florida.The cultural traditions of the Calusa were deeply rooted in Estero Bay, Charlotte Harbor and neighboring areas. The Calusa Indians were originally called the "Calos" which means "Fierce People". (2004). Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. According to some authorities their territory also extended inland as far as Lake Okeechobee. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. [16][17], A few vocabulary examples from Granberry's work are listed below:[18]. The Calusa (/kəˈluːsə/ kə-LOO-sə) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos ... in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. Open 365 days a year. The region was occupied by the Calusa Indians. However, no evidence of plant food was found at the Wightman site. The first people to live on the island were the Calusa Native Americans, who were known as a fierce people. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobago, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. Marquardt, William H. (2004). Beginning roughly 2,000 years ago, the Calusa enjoyed centuries of dominance as the undisputed rulers of southwest Florida. They are attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the north. Free. [6], The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin. Milanich, Jerald. (Victor Thompson / PNAS) They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. Calusa Indian Fact Sheet. Jan 3, 2018 - Explore Charles Kropke's board "Calusa Indians" on Pinterest. Immokalee means "your home" in the Mikasuki language.. On the eastern coast were a number of small independent tribes, … "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. Mollusks shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. It is said that they even held dominance over tribes on the east coast of Florida, despite them being on the southwest side of the state. Bradenton is rich with the history and culture of the Calusa Indians, the Native Americans who preceded us, even if their footprints are a bit blurry. [24] Cuban fishing camps (ranchos) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosa… This ability to travel on water was generally considered a great military advantage for them, helping the tribe dominate southern Florida for many years. The widespread illness and disease caused the tribe to disassemble by the early 18th century. Don Carlos, Chief of the Calusa. From several firsthand accounts of south Florida Indians written by Europeans, it is apparent that the Calusa were socially complex and politically powerful. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. They were supported by the labor of the majority of the Calusa. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. This page was last edited on 7 November 2020, at 18:33. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. Fontaneda lived with various tribes in southern Florida for the next seventeen years before being found by the Menendez de Avilés expedition. The mission was closed after only a few months. 's board "CALUSA INDIANS of SOUTHWEST FLORIDA", followed by 203 people on Pinterest. Warriors killed all the adult men. The process of shaping the boat was achieved by burning the middle and subsequently chopping and removing the charred center, using robust shell tools. In the winter of 1896, Frank Hamilton Cushing began archaeological excavations in southwest Florida. Calusa Indians. The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. )[10], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. When Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, they evacuated the last remnants of the tribes of south Florida to Cuba. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. There are few written remnants of tribal culture, and what we have primarily are tools, jewelry and a few archaeological sites. We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. Calusa maps‎ (6 F) ... of the Country of the Five Nations belonging to the province of New York and of the Lakes near which the Nations of Far Indians live with part of Canada taken from the Map of the Louisiane done 1730.png 936 × 585; 705 KB. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. By around 5000 BC, people started living in villages near wetlands. Calusa influence extended over most of south Florida in the sixteenth century. Theirs was a complex society with … Undecorated pottery belonging to the early Glades culture appeared in the region around 500 BC. MacMahon, Darcie A. and William H. Marquardt. The Calusa resisted physical encroachment and spiritual conversion by the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years. The Calusa. In 1711, the Spanish helped evacuate 270 Indians, including many Calusa, from the Florida Keys to Cuba (where almost 200 soon died). The first settlers to inhabit the Islands were what the historians refer to as the “Mound People” or the “Pile Dwellers.” Dating back to around 1200 A.D., these people later became known as the Calusa Indians. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. (Public Domain )It has been proposed that as fishing was a less time-consuming means of obtaining food than hunting and gathering, the Calusa were able to devote more time to other pursuits, such as the establishment of a system of government. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. The Calusa were a tribe full of warriors. [9][8] Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, "ornamental standards," and a finely carved deer head. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. "Chapter 10. Cushing’s excavations took place along the coast. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language). Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). The Calusa gathered a variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts. Carlos was chief of the most powerful indigenous group in southern Florida. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. A third leg of the trail takes paddlers inland to the Caloosahatchee and its tributaries. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. The plaques and other objects were often painted. Right: A remote sensing map reveals some of Mound Key’s standout features, including two large shell mounds, the grand canal and two massive watercourts flanking the island’s southwest shoreline. Initially the settlement was known as Gopher Ridge by the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. [1], Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. The first portion of the trail meanders through Estero Bay, while the second segment centers on Pine Island and Matlacha Pass. All of the Indians of southern Florida on the western side of the peninsula, from the Timucua territories as far as and including the Florida Keys, belonged to a confederacy or overlordship called Calusa or Calos. By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to devolve into more distinct regional cultures. "Calusa". There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. By the 16th century, the Calusa kingdom stretched from the Florida Keys to the southern edge of Tampa Bay. Get directions, maps, and traffic for Colusa, CA. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. Martial Arts Combo: He'll perform a barrage of hits. There is significant evidence that suggests there were extensive tribes residing on Sanibel and Captiva. He struck an uneasy peace with their leader Caluus, or Carlos. From several firsthand accounts of south Florida Indians written by Europeans, it is apparent that the Calusa were socially complex and politically powerful. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. [25], Native American people who lived on the coast and along the inner waterways of Florida's southwest coast, Approximate Calusa core area (red) and political domain (blue), Indigenous people of the Everglades region, Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=987541023, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. [12], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. The Caloosahatchee Region". Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. [2], Paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. After suffering decimation by disease, the tribe was destroyed by Creek and Yamasee raiders early in the 18th century. Calusa, North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. (Cush­ing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. So not only did the Calusa tribe become a mound building tribe for the sake of the building of their traditional homes, but they did it to keep themselves safe from flooding. Dominican missionaries reached the Calusa domain in 1549 but withdrew because of the hostility of the tribe. They struggled to stay alive and prosper, until one day, a Calusa warrior named Calu had a great idea. Calusa Tribe of Florida The Calusa people were an important tribe of Florida, where they formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. Calusa Indians “When Spaniards arrived in southwest Florida in the sixteenth century, they encountered a populous, sedentary, and politically complex society: the Calusa. He was also attacked by the Calusa. In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. The Calusa knew of the Spanish before this landing, however, as they had taken in Native American refugees from the Spanish subjugation of Cuba. The Calusa leader, Calus (called Carlos II by the Spaniards), agrees to accept a Jesuit missionary among his people, but the Calusa … It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. Local: 239-338-3500 Toll-Free: 800-237-6444 The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Check flight prices and hotel availability for your visit. Inspired by the indigenous Calusa, the Great Calusa Blueway encompasses three distinct regions of the Gulf of Mexico coast. In. [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. Nets were woven with a standard mesh size; nets with different mesh sizes were used seasonally to catch the most abundant and useful fish available. Menéndez married Carlos' sister, who took the baptismal name Doña Antonia at conversion. The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Cord was also made from Cabbage Palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. He looked at many trees, and tried to find the one that would work, but none were big enough. Indian mounds on site, along with a collection of artifacts dating back to 400 B.C., add rich historical value to the recreation there. When Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited in 1566, the Calusa served only fish and oysters to the Spanish. When Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited the capital in 1566, he described the chief's house as large enough to hold 2,000 without crowding, indicating it also served as the council house. In the beginning, there were the Calusa. Calusa territory reached from Charlotte Harbor to Cape Sable, all of present-day Charlotte, Lee, and Collier counties, and may have included the Florida Keys at times. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. This map … Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa. Map of Calusa territory in Florida. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. They were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. It was occupied by the Seminole centuries later, after they moved down from the northern part of Florida. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. After many years, Calu was about to give up. Martial Arts Combo: He 'll perform a barrage of hits corrals from wood and cord for! In villages near wetlands most powerful indigenous group in southern Florida for which translations were recorded 50... 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