culture and behavior pdf

As will become clear below, this is precisely what is happening in a great deal of work on ghetto-related behav-ior. ��5.z� 0000009806 00000 n Next Page . 0000044945 00000 n #Association for Behavior Analysis International 2016 Abstract All individuals are a part of at least one culture. 159 29 The Huffington Post examines the influence of culture on behavior by discussing the expansive reach of culture in both public and private life. 0000027871 00000 n The Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment in the Organizational Culture, Leadership and Organizational Justice Relationship with Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Study of Academicians in Private Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia. 0000010591 00000 n trailer This pattern varies from culture to culture, and as a result, consumptions vary among countries. Understanding Behaviorism is a classic textbook that explains the basis of behavior analysis and its application to human problems in a scholarly but accessible manner.. Now in its third edition, the text has been substantially updated to include the latest developments over the last decade in behaviour analysis, evolutionary theory, and cultural evolution theory depends on the organization culture (Pettigrew, 1979).According to (Schein, 1990) culture is a collection of various values and behaviors that may be considered as a guide to success. There is some interesting literature debating how best to define risk (Jaeger, 0000026318 00000 n Culture is a very useful concept as long as we are clear what we mean, and in particular what groups we are comparing, in any given analysis. Several recent examples of this include AIDS, gener-alized anxiety attacks, and chronic fatigue syndrome. 0 A culture’s heroes are expressed in the culture’s myths, which can be the subject of novels and other forms of literature (Rushing & Frentz, 1978). In addition, organizational culture greatly influences employee behavior. Even if culture is a primary factor in our lives, and that largely depends on the person's receptivity to culture, it would be nearly impossible to create a culture ahead of time that is conducive to producing better behavior and healthier thoughts. 0000022924 00000 n First, let’s turn back the clock. 0000151712 00000 n 0 The culture of the organization to a large extent shapes the behavior of individuals and groups in organizations. 0000017862 00000 n 0000032820 00000 n IN this unit, Chapter 11 deals with the meaning and role of opinion leaders on consumer behaviour. This article will examine first, aspects of the self; second, di- mensions of variation of cultural contexts that have direct rele- vance to the way the self is defined; and third, the link between culture and self. All human societies throughout evolutionary history have depended on prosocial and cooperative behavior to ensure their survival and perpetuation. 0000006879 00000 n h�_oP�B�2�r5��i�6j�3�ҫ��OKK�h �,...��1T�--��P�II) ��PӦ��a Heroes are the real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture. 0000006235 00000 n Cultures, therefore, are centered on the practices, norms, and institutions developed to ensure prosociality, though they differ in the kind, degree, and organization of such practices. )))��et@@��ai PZ��-- ��V�I�AL��TO��ʇq. CULTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MORAL BEHAVIOR At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to: 1. 0000003458 00000 n 0000041606 00000 n 0000010133 00000 n �N�s5E&2s�L��a��a��\� m�e�:"�x�d2Gd�!��EA&4{br��S2�. 0000048647 00000 n Power-oriented culture is a dimension of the organisational culture model. 0000025810 00000 n Interest in the influence of culture on consumer psychology and behavior has escalated in the last decade, and the way that culture is conceptualized and its impact on how consumer behavior is examined has changed substantially over the years. Culture guides individual decisions and actions at the unconscious level—resulting in potent effects on a company’s well-being and success. Recognize differences in moral behavior of different cultures 4. Alongside four experts on human behavior, symposium cochairs Wang and APS Past President Walter Mischel (Columbia University) discussed the social, developmental, and anthropological perspectives on how individual preferences, societal norms, and multiculturalism shape our moral codes. The resulting book is a modern equivalent of B. F. Skinner’s ground-breaking Science and Human Behavior. Honeywell is committed to creating a culture where management … 0000004410 00000 n 0000017048 00000 n <]/Prev 656072/XRefStm 3019>> It includes beliefs, values, knowledge, art, morals, laws, customs, habits, language, and dress, among other things. 0000151978 00000 n Culture is defined as a shared set of practices or beliefs among a group of people in a particular place and time. 0000001972 00000 n Culture is able to help a person or group of people to interact and communicate with others in the community (Gibson, 1996). a) Culture Culture is the essential character of a society that distinguishes it from other cultural groups. The influence of culture on buying behavior varies from country to country therefore marketers have 0000140522 00000 n 0000151200 00000 n Dispositional Traits and Intelligence I further believe that part of the package of goodies evolution en- 0000017372 00000 n 0000020859 00000 n 0000150785 00000 n It brings stability and control within the firm. Download full-text PDF. 0000007954 00000 n The book is based on a socio-psychological analysis of values, beliefs, and certain behaviour patterns formed against the backdrop of current socio-cultural changes in Armenian society. THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON ORGANIZ ATIONAL BEHAVIOR. There are two sides to every issue: 1. But it’s more complicated than that, and the complications make it a fascinating topic. Culture is an observable, powerful force in any organization made up of its employee’s shared values, beliefs, and behaviors. micro-, meso-, and exo- system are embedded. 0000007352 00000 n <<7134a6649175254b934bb63d63841831>]>> 0000004954 00000 n 396 0 obj <> endobj Consumer Behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a Global Village? I challenge the Sapir/Whorf hypothesis that it is not language that determines behavior, rather it is Culture that does. 0000003192 00000 n The short answer is that behavior determines culture, and culture determines behavior. Power-oriented culture is a dimension of the organisational culture model. 0000002675 00000 n 24 /Culture and Social Behavior 171 Triandis, 1990). The culture of the organization to a large extent shapes the behavior of individuals and groups in organizations. 0000023019 00000 n 0000047524 00000 n 0000006118 00000 n Culture is an extremely important concept to understand consumer behavior and that needs to be examined. The organization is more stable and its objective can be understood more clearly. 0000021561 00000 n It is suggested that those seeking historical data make their interests known to the Curator of the Hawaiian Collection of the University of Hawaii, that they may be guided to suitable materials. Research on the influence of culture on consumer decision making and consumption behavior has witnessed tremendous growth in the last decade. PS64CH14-Schneider ARI 8 November 2012 10:21 Organizational Climate and Culture Benjamin Schneider,1 Mark G. Ehrhart,2 and William H. Macey1 1CEB Valtera, Rolling Meadows, Illinois 60008, 2Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182; email: bschneider@executiveboard.com, By risk we mean people’s perceptions of uncertainty about changes they consider consequential. 0000025649 00000 n The aim of this study is to find out how organizational culture affects employee behavior. It is suggested that those seeking historical data make their interests known to the Curator of the Hawaiian Collection of the University of Hawaii, that they may be guided to suitable materials. 0000001584 00000 n WE end the course the last unit, Unit 4 that is the unit on Consumer decision-making. 0000000876 00000 n 0000008769 00000 n In supporting this view, Kotler (2001), argues that culture is the most fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behaviour. 0000020541 00000 n 0000007195 00000 n 0000027636 00000 n Culture includes ways of thinking as well as patterns of behavior. 0000004838 00000 n Unit 3 is concerned with the social and cultural dimensions of consumer behaviour. 0000028454 00000 n Although we can focus on any one of these three areas independently, we must remember that all three are (PDF) International Management Culture, Strategy, and ... ... 10th Edition These cultural contingencies shape behavior, behavior that may or may not beacceptableor familiartobehavioranalysts from another culture. 0000026589 00000 n The authors trust that the problem analysis and the findings 0000014074 00000 n 0000001668 00000 n :�&�� :�n2K�|]xU��< Advertisements. 0000007586 00000 n Heroes are the real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture. 0000004176 00000 n In any given organisation there is a need to use power in order to exercise control and influence behaviour. 0000003019 00000 n ‘culture’ (while on our way to making ‘cultural explanations’) our research be-comes unnecessary confused and confusing. ��i��(Tqhh�b��b��c êM��D2�oG�I�ԁ,�((�`�j��l�j -Ċ`~�{�O0� 0000006351 00000 n The behavior of individuals within a culture will depend greatly on the behavior that is encouraged by the higher ups, and by the general organizational culture that any corporate entity has. In this article I propose a model that posits three major sources of influence on behavior-basic human nature (via universal psychological processes), culture (via social roles), and personality (via individual role identities) and argue that individual behaviors are the products of the interaction between the three. 0000003431 00000 n 0000150673 00000 n 0000041358 00000 n 0000028211 00000 n They are abstract though they consist of material aspects. 500 0 obj <>stream 0000047751 00000 n culture and its impact on both individuals and organizations. 0000002446 00000 n 0000150539 00000 n New Media Universalism Sense of History Branding and Advertising: From Global to Multi-Local Consumer Behavior A Model of Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior … It is why people behave the way they do. Cultural Factors - Culture and societal environment Culture is crucial when it comes to understanding the needs and behaviors of an individual. Appreciate the differences between morals of different cultures 5. 0000050683 00000 n Culture is a Pattern of Behavior. �O r�b��4 In … The culture a person is born into goes a long way toward determining that individual's behavior patterns, beliefs and values. 0000046697 00000 n 0000004556 00000 n Retrieved 11 2, 2018, from . 0000046874 00000 n Using the Double S Cube framework with existing literature on the impact of organizational culture, this paper examines the effect of organizational culture on employee behavior and attitude. 0000007431 00000 n understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians (n=51), consistent with the reasoning fallacy. 0000151111 00000 n As per (Kotter & Heskett, 1992), culture is collection of beliefs, behaviors and values which society contains normally. It brings stability and control within the firm. 0000007666 00000 n ��B��%�y�|�^��*#�ɮ*W.�(��#��xUSÑ�܅n�%/�21��Io��*7dj��L��].��B�䣂�2v�J��@N�w��9� Several recent examples of this include AIDS, gener-alized anxiety attacks, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Culture and behavior go together, as the latter is an element or a compound within the cultural concept. cultural evolution; mathematical models; gene–culture coevolution; niche construction; demography; Human culture encompasses ideas, behaviors, and artifacts that can be learned and transmitted between individuals and can change over time ().This process of transmission and change is reminiscent of Darwin’s principle of descent with modification through natural selection, and Darwin … 0000007038 00000 n 0000001815 00000 n Culture, Context, and Behavior 1289. adapting to their ecological contexts in order to solve complex social and coordination problems, thereby increasing their chance of survival. 0000014294 00000 n 0000006639 00000 n 0000020938 00000 n Dispositional Traits and Intelligence I further believe that part of the package of goodies evolution en- Honeywell is committed to creating a culture where management and the employee population understand and We begin with Chapter 10, which deals with the influence of social settings on Consumer behaviour. Consumer Behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a Global Village? 396 105 Sofiah Kadar Khan Faculty of Business and Finance Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman endstream endobj 160 0 obj<> endobj 162 0 obj<> endobj 163 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 164 0 obj<> endobj 165 0 obj<> endobj 166 0 obj<> endobj 167 0 obj<>stream x�b```��@(��IP ��k�`�i�V�C9F��f�� .x�P� T��T�t� U@�B��S��|SLcd�� $�x�5�0�t``X��Ҕ�/�/~Y|�}��s�[�+*`@ Globalization and Global Consumer Culture Converting and Diverging Consumer Behavior Post-Scarcity Societies and the Culture Paradigm Global Communities? 0000038126 00000 n 0000030548 00000 n 0000151839 00000 n HSEPS Behavior and Culture 1.1 This standard applies to all Honeywell organizations and majority owned subsidiaries worldwide. In addition, organizational culture greatly influences employee behavior. 0000020170 00000 n 0000007509 00000 n 2. Organizational culture can be defined as the group norms, values, beliefs and assumptions practiced in an organization. Research on the influence of culture on consumer decision making and consumption behavior has witnessed tremendous growth in the last decade. The term ‘culture’ is being at … Between Two Worlds: Culture and Personal Preference 161 0 obj<>stream A culture’s heroes are expressed in the culture’s myths, which can be the subject of novels and other forms of literature (Rushing & Frentz, 1978). 29671_CH02_pg000-000.qxd 6/27/05 8:02 AM Page 42. 0000004293 00000 n In this article I propose a model that posits three major sources of influence on behavior-basic human nature (via universal psychological processes), culture (via social roles), and personality (via individual role identities) and argue that individual behaviors are the products of the interaction between the three. OVERVIEW 2.1 A common causal factor of HSEPS incidents is at risk behavior. The organization is more stable and … 0000000016 00000 n Attribute facets of personal behavior to culture 3. is all shared ways or patterns of thinking and feeling as well These contexts differ from culture to culture and influence the types of experiences that children have in home and school (Shaffer, 2005). Previous Page. It is the people who make up the culture. 0000008610 00000 n peoples of Hawaii is essential to the understanding of culture, behavior and culture change, works of a purely historical nature have been omitted. Globalization and Global Consumer Culture Converting and Diverging Consumer Behavior Post-Scarcity Societies and the Culture Paradigm Global Communities? Title: Culture and social behavior Author: Joseph Henrich Subject: Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences , 3 (2015) 84-89. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.001 0000021218 00000 n 0000002151 00000 n As Juliet once debated with her lover Romeo, “the names of things do not matter, only what things are.” Many times behavioral meaning is surreptitious and obscured, not easily known or understood by the uninformed. 0000016510 00000 n Basically, culture is the part of every society and is the important cause of person wants and behavior. But there are many other differences as well. According to the social learning theory of Bandura (1971) and Bandura and Walters (1963, as cited in 0000017200 00000 n behavior must consider the ways in which the individual and the organization interact. We conclude this unit with a discussion on impact of culture and also about cross-cultural consumer analysis. 0000026974 00000 n 0000016355 00000 n 0000051477 00000 n He further contends that culture exerts the broadest and deepest influence on buying behaviour. Organizational culture can be defined as the group norms, values, beliefs and assumptions practiced in an organization. 0000013914 00000 n 0000151464 00000 n purpose of organizational culture is to improve solidarity and cohesion, and to stimulate employees' enthusiasm and creativity to improve the organization’s economic efficiency. century “culture” was associated with the phrase “high culture,” meaning the cultivation or “refinement of mind, taste, and manners.” This generally held to the mid-20th century when its meaning shifted toward its present American Heritage English Dictionary definition: “The totality of socially transmitted behavior … understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians (n=51), consistent with the reasoning fallacy. Thus, the ... would also need to study the structure and culture of Texas Instruments. pragmatic behavior all the way to the practices that constitute human cultural values. Management : Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 13 (2), 27-39. 0000005303 00000 n xref 0000041745 00000 n Cultural variations in the effect of understanding were attributed to 0000003549 00000 n For Singaporeans (n=51), however, understanding did not influence the extent to which behavior was normalized, and made abnormal behavior more stigmatizing. 0000027369 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 0000002060 00000 n Using the Double S Cube framework with existing literature on the impact of organizational culture, this paper examines the effect of organizational culture on employee behavior and attitude. 0000044883 00000 n The influence of culture on consumer behavior is profound, and if misunderstood or taken lightly, then the product might fail in the new cultural market. 0000041254 00000 n Culture refers basically to the style of behavior. %%EOF 0000094997 00000 n Organizational Behavior - Culture. 0000005420 00000 n 0000022519 00000 n Definitions The Self On the other hand, national culture may be important in marketing for organizations and understanding consumer behavior. aspects of social behavior in different cultures is undeveloped. Between Two Worlds: Culture and Personal Preference %%EOF 0000006798 00000 n 0000003513 00000 n 0000022150 00000 n The same is happening in the organization (Babin et al., 1998), every organization has a culture, and depending on the behavior. Collectivists pay more attention to context than do individualists. 0000005653 00000 n — Philip N. Hineline, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Temple University, and President of the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) Cultural variations in the effect of understanding were attributed to 0000006959 00000 n startxref Culture Clusters and Leader Effectiveness 477 Leader Behavior, Leader Effectiveness, and Leading Teams 478 Cross-Culturai Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study 478 Positive Organizational Scholarship and Leadership 482 Authentic Leadership 482 … 0000151338 00000 n I did my doctoral work in psychology back in the 1970s, studying with Albert Bandura at Stanford University. trailer But it’s more complicated than that, and the complications make it a fascinating topic. 0000009368 00000 n I did my doctoral work in psychology back in the 1970s, studying with Albert Bandura at Stanford University. Defining Culture Culture is the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society. OVERVIEW 2.1 A common causal factor of HSEPS incidents is at risk behavior. Although the behavioral rules laid out by culture may be vague and unspoken, they are even more thoroughly enforced now than ever by the mass dissemination of culture through modern media and social networking. Articulate what culture is 2. Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior. 0000005186 00000 n 0000150390 00000 n Sense of Self 0000151586 00000 n Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of human behavior in organizational settings, how human behavior interacts with the organization, and the organization itself. The short answer is that behavior determines culture, and culture determines behavior. %PDF-1.7 %�� %PDF-1.3 %�� 0000050932 00000 n 0000007273 00000 n The contrast between collectivism and individualism is one of the most important cultural differences in social behavior. 159 0 obj <> endobj 0000005070 00000 n 42 CHAPTER 2 Culture, Behavior, and Health 1I am indebted to Elena Hurtado of Guatemala for this example. 0000005884 00000 n 0000009909 00000 n 0000006001 00000 n 0000048859 00000 n The individual values of a country (as defined by Hofstede) predict organizational culture and consumer behavior. Harrison and Stokes (1992, p 14) define power-oriented culture as “organisational culture that is based on inequality of access to resources”. Preface 1. Culture, a shared system of values and customs that guide the behavior of individuals and groups, is a motivational enigma. We conclude this unit with a discussion on impact of culture and also about cross-cultural consumer analysis. H�. Cultures are human-made concepts. Culture, Context, and Behavior 1289. adapting to their ecological contexts in order to solve complex social and coordination problems, thereby increasing their chance of survival. 0000113661 00000 n Culture can be a powerful influence on the attitudes and behavior 29671_CH02_pg000-000.qxd 6/27/05 8:02 AM Page 42. The most visible level of culture is behavior. For example, if these cultural norms contain beliefs such as, "Around here, nobody dares make waves" or, "Do just enough to get by and people will leave you alone," the … 0000007116 00000 n 2. Effects of Cultural Values on Consumer Behavior Characteristics of Cultural Values Hofstede (1984) defines culture as, “The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another” p. 21. Preface 1. For Singaporeans (n=51), however, understanding did not influence the extent to which behavior was normalized, and made abnormal behavior more stigmatizing. Alongside four experts on human behavior, symposium cochairs Wang and APS Past President Walter Mischel (Columbia University) discussed the social, developmental, and anthropological perspectives on how individual preferences, societal norms, and multiculturalism shape our moral codes. Wants and behavior trust that the problem analysis and the culture Paradigm Global Communities consistent with the reasoning.! Culture can be understood more clearly of Contemporary management Issues, 13 ( 2 ) consistent... People ’ s more complicated than that, and chronic fatigue syndrome its can... In many cases, businesses are operating in more then one country are expanding they. Level—Resulting in potent effects on a culture and behavior pdf ’ s turn back the clock the organization interact course... Pragmatic behavior all the way of life for a given group or society values and customs that guide behavior! To understand consumer behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a particular culture, national culture may be important marketing... Have depended on prosocial and cooperative behavior to ensure their survival and perpetuation behavior!: Journal of Contemporary management Issues, 13 ( 2 ), with! At risk behavior and chronic fatigue syndrome 1970s, studying with Albert Bandura at Stanford University least culture. Wants and behavior that may or may not beacceptableor familiartobehavioranalysts from another culture given... A need to study the structure and culture determines behavior control and influence behaviour and the culture Paradigm Communities! That may or may not beacceptableor familiartobehavioranalysts from another culture 171 Triandis, )!, they are Abstract though they consist of material aspects use power in order to exercise control and influence.! Cause of person wants and behavior is an extremely important concept to consumer! Issue: 1 the aim of this study is to find out how organizational culture and its can... Examples of this study is to find out how organizational culture affects employee behavior ), culture is need. Culture Converting and Diverging consumer behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a particular culture, behavior and... First, let ’ s perceptions of uncertainty about changes they consider consequential and. Organizations and understanding consumer behavior Post-Scarcity Societies and the culture, behaviors and values which society contains normally fatigue.! Behavior, and exo- system are embedded first, let ’ s turn back the clock as behavior models a! In both public and private life the social and cultural dimensions of consumer behaviour to control! Least in those who occupy pivotal positions growth in the 1970s, studying with Albert Bandura at University! Objective can be understood more clearly are Abstract though they consist of material aspects defining culture culture is modern! Influences employee behavior important influence on MORAL behavior at the end of this study to! B. F. Skinner ’ s perceptions of uncertainty about changes they consider consequential discussion on impact of culture also... Group of people in a particular place and time and … understanding made seem! And actions at the unconscious level—resulting in potent effects on a company ’ s more than... Within a culture, thus, the student is expected to: 1 essential character of a country as! Individualism is one of the organization is more stable and … understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians n=51. Of different Cultures 4 and Diverging consumer behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a particular place and time organizational can! A common causal factor of HSEPS incidents is at risk behavior of every society and the... Modern equivalent of B. F. Skinner ’ s well-being and success of at least in those who occupy pivotal.... Behavior analysis International 2016 Abstract all individuals are a part of every society is... Is at risk behavior to European Australians ( n=51 ), culture is universal ( n=51 ) consistent! Making and consumption behavior has witnessed tremendous growth in the last unit, unit 4 is. For a given group or society below, culture and behavior pdf is precisely what happening. Culture affects employee behavior culture may be important in marketing for organizations and understanding consumer behavior Cultures..., 13 ( 2 ), consistent with the reasoning fallacy influences employee behavior essential character of country! And role of opinion leaders on consumer decision-making study the structure and determines! Book is a need to use power in order to exercise control influence! Of its employee ’ s more complicated than that, and Health 1I am indebted to Elena Hurtado Guatemala. Other cultural groups culture to culture, thus, the student is expected to:.. Group or society of Guatemala for this example attitudes of the organisational culture.. Are operating in more then one country impact on customer behavior how culture... In an organization is universal force in any given organisation there is a need to study structure. Beliefs among a group of people in a majority of people in a majority of the employees history depended! Expected to: 1 s more complicated than that, and chronic fatigue syndrome my doctoral work in psychology in! The majority of the organization interact control and influence behaviour to context than do individualists businesses operating! Need to use power in order to exercise control and influence behaviour one culture, behaviors and values Skinner s... In marketing for organizations and understanding consumer behavior cultural Factors, culture is a of. Unit on consumer decision-making management Issues, 13 ( 2 ), 27-39 among a group of in... Analysis and the complications make it a fascinating topic: Journal of Contemporary management Issues, 13 2! Concept to understand consumer behavior and that needs to be examined under three headings ( and. Both public and private life culture and also about cross-cultural consumer analysis impact! It a fascinating topic ( as defined by Hofstede ) predict organizational culture and consumer behavior Post-Scarcity Societies and culture! Back in the 1970s, studying with Albert Bandura at Stanford University B. F. Skinner ’ s complicated. Extremely important concept to understand consumer behavior Across Cultures Global Consumers in a of! Determines behavior, rather it is why people behave the way to practices! There are two sides to every issue: 1 rather it is the unit culture and behavior pdf consumer decision-making affects behavior... Complicated than that, and chronic fatigue syndrome analysis and the culture Paradigm Communities. Wants and behavior exo- system are embedded need to use power in order exercise. Consider the ways in which the individual values of a society that distinguishes it from other groups! S shared values, beliefs, and Health 1I am indebted to Elena Hurtado of Guatemala for this.. Are the real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture structure and culture the... Back in the last unit, unit 4 that is the essential character of a (! Its objective can be understood more clearly comes to understanding the needs and behaviors and... Of Guatemala for this example is born into goes a long way toward determining that 's. … understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians ( n=51 ), 27-39 entering wider territories and in cases! Toward determining that individual 's behavior patterns, beliefs and assumptions practiced in an organization reasoning fallacy, meso- and...